E120
Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmines
Also known as: Carmine, Natural Red 4
Components / composition
Carminic acid and carmine (aluminium complexes of carminic acid) derived from cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus).
Common usage in food
Red coloring in yogurts, drinks, confectionery, and cosmetics-adjacent food products.
Effects on human health
Natural-origin colorant. Not suitable for vegetarian/vegan diets. Protein component may trigger allergic reactions.
Risks & considerations
Documented anaphylaxis and urticaria cases. EU requires allergen labelling as 'E 120' or 'carminic acid/carmine'.
Regulatory approval (EU)
Permitted with mandatory allergen declaration in the EU.
US regulatory status (FDA)
Cochineal extract and carmine are permitted U.S. food colors exempt from certification under 21 CFR 73.100. FDA requires declaration by common or usual name (e.g., "cochineal extract" or "carmine") on ingredient labels, similar to EU allergen-style disclosure but under U.S. color additive labeling rules.
Permitted amounts / regulatory limits (EU)
Food-category maximum levels in EU Annex II Part E.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
0–5 mg/kg body weight per day (JECFA, as carminic acid).